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76.47% of Punjab's groundwater blocks are classified as over-exploited, the highest percentage among all States, and only 13.07% of blocks are in the 'safe' category. Over-exploitation has rapidly depleted groundwater levels, forcing farmers to dig deeper wells at a considerable cost. Larger farmers install more borewells with high-capacity motor pumps, while small farmers have fewer pumping motors per unit area because most of their holdings are leased-in land. A former Chief Engineer said small and marginal farmers who lack the capital to deepen tubewells watch shallow wells run dry and are forced to buy water informally from large farmers nearby. Only a small proportion of farmers in Punjab use canal water for irrigation, implying a high dependence on groundwater.
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